Text Box: COMPREHENSIVE 2D GC METHODOLOGIES FOR THE ANALYSIS OF LIPIDS GIORGIA PURCARO, PETER QUINTO TRANCHIDA, AND LUIGI MONDELLO DIPARTIMENTO FARMACO-CHIMICO, UNIVERSITY OF MESSINA, ITALY Introduction One of the main challenges of separation scientists, in general, is to unravel the chemical profiles of complex, naturally-occurring samples. Among the analytical techniques, gas chromatography (GC) is one of the most widely employed for such a purpose. Gas chromatography was invented approximately 60 years ago and, since then, a considerable degree of progress has been made (James & Martin, 1952). The most important steps toward the increase of separation power in the GC field have been: 1) the replacement of the packed column with the more efficient capillary one in 1958 by Golay (1958), enabling an approximate ten-times increase in separation power; 2) the introduction of comprehensive two-dimensional GC (GC × GC) in 1991 by Liu and Philips (1991). In GC × GC experiments, the separation process is carried out on two columns of different selectivity. An interface defined as modulator is located between the two capillaries and generates a separation peak capacity which is roughly equal to the product of the two peak capacities (peak capacity can be defined as “the number of peaks that can be potentially located in the one or two dimensional space, with a specific resolution value”) in each dimension. Comprehensive GC can be considered an extension of conventional heart-cut multidimensional GC, which involves the separation of specific fractions on two different columns with similar lengths. A comprehensive GC separation is obtained when all the components from the first dimension (1D), usually a conventional column (e.g., 25–30 m × 0.25 mm ID × 0.25 μm), are re-analysed on the second dimension (2D), commonly a short micro-bore capillary segment (e.g., 1–2 m × 0.10 mm ID × 0.10 μm). Second-dimension analyses are carried out in a rapid manner, with duration equal to what is defined as the modulation period (typically in the 4–8 sec range).

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